Grand challenge "Government capabilities and legitimacy"
Brief abstract motivating, and underlying gaps grounding the grand challenge
This grand challenge encompasses two interrelated concerns: the legitimacy of government in the eyes of the governed and the capabilities of government to carry out actions that respond to the expectations of citizens and other stakeholders.
A legitimate government is tightly connected to public governance processes as well as participation and engagement of stakeholders in policy modelling, since no government is legitimate unless it enjoys the consent of the governed. A legitimate government exercises the powers that emerge from this consensual process. It protects the rights of citizens and organisations while setting the boundaries for acceptable private action. A capable government successfully manages internal functions and public services and assures the effectiveness and security of public processes as well as political, economic and social developments. Legitimacy and capability together make government stable, trustworthy, and resilient in periods of crisis. They also lay the foundation for efficient and cost-effective public services responsive to the needs of different stakeholders, and for effective performance of government internally and good governance in the interplay with its constituency.
In recent years, rapid technological development and a general shift of traditionally governmental functions to the private sector can be observed. These trends have implications for both legitimacy and capability. While government collects much personal data and provides services directly, many public services are delivered by private actors or by some combination of government, private, and civic organisations. At the same time, private companies are amassing enormous amounts of personal information through commercial transactions and via social media and internet-based access to information. Personal profiles created in this way are subject to security breaches in both private and public sectors. The security of systems and records is constantly under cyber-attacks. On the service side, many new technologies have emerged that can make services more accessible, transparent and efficient. Social media as well as the provision of open government data via respective open data portals offer new avenues for public discourse and policy analysis. New forms of data management and analysis can improve policy formulation and evaluation and new cross-sector relationships can produce social innovation and social governance. Yet, government is seldom capable of taking full advantage of these developments. It tends to be a technology follower and has difficulty absorbing innovative tools and techniques into legacy processes and systems. The performance of government is becoming more unstable. Similarly, approaches to social innovation and social governance are still very seldom seen in public service provision and public policy making.
Challenges to be faced and formulated along a set of research questions
The following research questions were formulated to give guidance for policy officials and stakeholders in collaborative endeavours of policy making and indicate important directions for further scientific research and development in the field of policy modelling:
- How to ensure and improve trust in government; including 1) how to improve and diversify public discourse regarding policy problems so that decisions and choices are seen as legitimate to all stakeholders, and 2) defining how much personal information should be collected/shared and how it should be protected from misuse (cf. also grand challenge “Citizen and stakeholder engagement”)
- How to ensure the protection of privacy, confidentiality and intellectual property;
- How to understand the dynamics and potential conflicts among confidentiality, secrecy and transparency in government decision-making; how much secrecy is appropriate for strategic decision-making, while there are demands for openness? If everything is transparent before data are used for decisions making, then there is a risk that decisions about public governance may not be implemented
- How to improve collaboration between governments and private and civil sector actors in policy development as well as assuring accountability among all these diverse actors in complex service systems; How to support and enable social innovation and social governance;
- How to improve the performance of government in making decisions quicker, better founded and well integrated and aligned with the different decisions to be made across policy domains
- How to improve the capability of government to satisfy demands for open access to good quality data for different uses; How to provide policy data and policy plans in machine-readable formats, which also contain stakeholder roles, and performance plans and indicators to enable value-added intermediary services to inform stakeholders of: a) responsibilities ascribed to them, and b) the levels of performance expected; How to most effectively explore technology (e.g. for text analysis) to enable measuring the quality and accountability of decision-making in policy contexts in an objective way (all with a strong link to grand challenge “Data and information characteristics and use”)
- What legal and technical frameworks can be provided to enable exploitation of data and technologies in supporting the struggle against cybercrime while ensuring democratic values and personal liberties
Innovations and wider impact expected when tackling the research demands
Innovations tackling the aforementioned challenges of research can help achieve better understanding of the interplay between legitimacy and capability, as well as more effective means of achieving both. For example, more effective tools and methods of public discourse and consultation can improve policy making processes and policy outcomes. Appropriate methods and tools can enhance the watchdog function of the media and encourage citizens and other stakeholders to engage with counter arguments and opposing opinions in policy discussions. Increased transparency and trust in government can help motivating civic and private sector actors to engage more in activities of public concern therewith better realising social innovation and social governance.
A more effective means of collaboration between government and the private sector on topics such as the usage of data, intermediary services for mapping citizen inputs with government objectives as well as regulating how private companies use information they collect, can help avoid loss of legitimate government control and strengthen personal privacy protections. The provision of policy data, plans and metrics in machine-readable formats, documenting also the performer roles and performance metrics in open, standard, machine-readable format will enable value-added intermediary services to inform stakeholders of: a) responsibilities ascribed to them, and b) the levels of performance expected.
Research can help develop mechanisms and programs to ensure the protection of privacy, confidentiality and intellectual property and educate stakeholders about protection of personal data as well as about how much personal information should be shared under what circumstances. Better means of assuring transparency and accountability in service delivery systems, which enhance both trust and legitimacy, as well as contribute to effectiveness and efficiency. In general, research on this challenge can help produce a public sector infrastructure including both legal and technical frameworks that can improve legitimate and capable adoption of new technologies and management and exploitation of big and open data for both service and security.
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