Discipline
A discipline is characterised in scientific literature as a recognised approach to a specific issue. It enables in depth reflection and discussion to take place. Generally, disciplines are closed environments that develop common epistemologies and ontologies (Barrett, 2012).
Disciplines in academia are well-established spaces that are often institutionally defined (Departments, Faculties, etc.) (Chettiparamb, 2007). Teaching and research are often executed in single-disciplinary studies, as 'expertise' is determined by recognition from peers from the same discipline.
An understanding that different disciplines must work together has emerged. This can operate in different ways: multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary activities (e.g. Choi and Pak, 2006). In multidisciplinary interactions, different disciplines work together to solve particular policy (or other) problems by making use of knowledge, methods and theories drawn from their own specific disciplines (Chua and Yang, 2008). Interdisciplinarity attempts to build up new approaches to solving 'real' problems by developing methods, theories and practices that cross two or more disciplines, often resulting in the fusing of two or more disciplines (Newell, 2001). Transdisciplinarity is a third ideal type of interaction: different disciplines are 'integrated,' thereby developing new understandings of the role of knowledge in solving given policy or social problems (Lawrence and Despres, 2004).
Policy modelling is one of the fields where discussion is vivid on the role of multiple disciplines, with many observers aiming to develop the domain as an opportunity for interdisciplinary approaches to flourish, given the specific requirements of the area (information science, public administration, political science, etc.) (See Chen, Gregg and Dawes, 2007).
References:
Barrett, Brian D. 2012. “Is Interdisciplinarity Old News? a Disciplined Consideration of Interdisciplinarity.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 33 (1) (January): 97–114.
Chen, H, L Brandt, V Gregg, and Sharon S Dawes. 2007. Digital Government: E-Government Research, Case Studies, and Implementation.
Chettiparamb, A. 2007. “Interdisciplinarity: a Literature Review.” … Teaching and Learning Group.
Choi, Bernard C K, and Anita W P Pak. 2006. “Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity in Health Research, Services, Education and Policy: 1. Definitions, Objectives, and Evidence of Effectiveness..” Clinical & Investigative Medicine 29 (6) (December): 351–364.
Chua, Alton Y K, and Christopher C Yang. 2008. “The Shift Towards Multi-Disciplinarity in Information Science.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 59 (13) (November): 2156–2170.
Lawrence, Roderick J, and Carole Despres. 2004. “Futures of Transdisciplinarity.” Futures 36 (4): 397–405.
Newell, William H. 2001. “A Theory of Interdisciplinary Studies.” Issues in Integrative Studies (19): 1–25.
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